A 18 year old woman develops an abscess on her thigh. The abscess was as shown in the photograph. Which is the most common etiological agent that produce abscesses?(2) How is the specimen collected for laboratory diagnosis? (2) How is the sample typically processed in the laboratory?(3) Which are the virulence factors that aid this bacterium to produce this condition?(3)

Staphylococcus aureus is known to be multi-drug resistance. Describe the various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance mechanisms seen in this bacterium.(5) Describe the significance of MRSA and VISA isolates.(5)

A 7 year old female child of a nomadic family is brought to ENT department with complains of difficulty in swallowing. A tough yellowish-white membrane was found in her throat as shown in the picture. No vaccination history was available. What is your likely clinical diagnosis?(2) Describe in detail the etiology, its habitat, transmission, and pathogenesis of this disease.(8)

The test in picture is used in the identification of a certain bacterium. Identify the test in the given picture. Gelling of the plasma in the tubes is the end result. (2) Describe the principle, procedure and the application of this test. (8)

A 25 year old man visits brothel and two weeks later visits a Venereal Diseases clinic describing yellowish white discharge urethral discharge as shown in the picture. What is your likely clinical diagnosis? (2) Which are the laboratory investigations that you will recommend for the diagnosis of this condition? (3) Suggest some antibiotics that may be used in the treatment of this condition. (5)

A 27 year old man met with an accident while riding his bike. He had deep injuries to his both upper limbs. A week later he was admitted to the hospital with muscle spasms affecting most of his body. His body was arched backward as shown in the photograph. What is your likely clinical diagnosis? (2) What is the organism responsible for this condition? (2) Describe in detail the events in the pathogenesis of this condition. (6)

An intradermal test is being performed on a patient who has been coughing persistently for over 3 weeks, has night fever and been losing weight as well. If you have guessed the disease condition, identify the test, (3) describe the principle and interpretation of this test. (7)

A 38 year old shepherd presents with a black eschar on his hand. On enquiry he revealed that few of his sheep have been dying lately due some disease. What is the most likely clinical diagnosis given the lesion and his occupation? (3) Describe in detail the various clinical types of this disease and the pathogenesis of this disease. (7)

There has been an outbreak of a deadly disease in a small town. There dead rats found lying in the streets as well as in the homes. Many people are febrile but are having enlarged lymph nodes in their axilla. A few people in the town have died recently and many are fleeing the town. Which is this epidemic disease in question? (2) How are people infected and what does it has to do with dying rats. (2) Why is this bacterium so deadly? (2) Describe the pathogenesis of this disease. (4)

The patient in this picture is suffering from a slow and chronic disease. As you can see from this picture there is clubbing and deformities of the digits. The patient also had skin patches that were anesthetic. What is your diagnosis? (2) What is the pathogenesis of this disease? (2) Which are the two diverse spectrum of this disease and what are their differences? (6)